Feeding

Feeding

Feeding the correct diet to rabbits is fundamental to maintaining health, particularly in the dental and gastrointestinal systems

  • Correct feeding is also an essential requirement for successful breeding and is equally important in the preparation of show rabbits.
  • It has been argued that the most appropriate diet is the one that resembles as closely as possible the natural grass based diet in the wild. Grass is approximately 20-25% crude fibre, 15% crude protein and 2-3% fat.
  • Whatever feeding regime is followed the diet should contain a long fibre eg straw, grass (fresh or dried) and either good meadow or timothy hay.
  • Green foods are important for rabbits of all ages, their introduction, in small amounts, should commence at weaning and can be increased slowly. Most green foods and root crops are suitable foods.
  • Wild plants are useful, but care should be taken to ensure they are clean and unpolluted. Raspberry, blackberry and strawberry leaves are all beneficial.
  • Commercial concentrate rabbit foods have become popular, however some may be too low in fibre but too high in fat, carbohydrate and protein. Concentrates should never be the sole source of food, grass or hay should provide the bulk of the diet. Some authorities claim that overfeeding of concentrates can be a factor in gastrointestinal and dental disease, which may predispose a rabbit to other conditions such as fly strike and arthritis.
  • Frosted or mouldy food and grass clippings should be avoided.
  • If a balanced diet is fed, dietary and vitamin supplements should not usually be required.
  • FRESH WATER IS ESSENTIAL AND MUST BE AVAILABLE AND ACCESSIBLE AT ALL TIMES. Bottles are generally preferred to bowls as they are easier to keep clean and avoid the spillage associated with bowls.
  • Sudden changes in diet are to be avoided. Changes in diet should be made gradually over several days. When acquiring a new rabbit written details of its feeding regime should be obtained and if concentrates have been fed a supply of these should also be acquired so that any changes can be gradual. Likewise, when a rabbit is passed to a new owner written details of its diet and a supply of its current food should go with it.

The Critical Role of Diet in Rabbit Health

Rabbits, as herbivores, have evolved with highly specialized digestive systems adapted to a diet rich in fibre and low in easily digestible carbohydrates. While they have become popular pets, their nutritional needs remain fundamentally linked to their wild ancestors. Understanding these needs is crucial for ensuring their optimal health and longevity.

Dietary Habits of Wild Rabbits:

Wild rabbits are primarily grazers, selecting the most nutritious and palatable parts of plants. Their diet is naturally high in fibre and low in fat and simple sugars. This dietary pattern is crucial for maintaining their digestive health and preventing common health issues.

Dietary Needs of Pet Rabbits:

  • High Fiber: A diet rich in high-quality hay (such as Timothy hay) is essential for maintaining proper gut function. Fibre stimulates gut motility, prevents hairballs, and supports the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
  • Limited Carbohydrates: Excessive intake of simple sugars and starches can lead to digestive upset, obesity, and dental problems.
  • Controlled Protein: While protein is necessary for growth and tissue repair, excessive protein intake can strain the kidneys.
  • Fresh Vegetables: A variety of fresh, leafy green vegetables should be included in the diet, providing essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
  • Limited Treats: Treats should be offered sparingly, as they often contain high levels of sugar and fat.

Impact of Diet on Rabbit Health:

  • Dental Disease:
    • Low-fibre diets can lead to overgrown teeth due to insufficient wear.
    • High-carbohydrate diets can contribute to dental caries.
    • Inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake can weaken teeth and bones.
  • Gastrointestinal Disease:
    • Low-fibre diets can disrupt gut motility and lead to gut stasis (a condition where digestion slows down significantly).
    • High-starch diets can contribute to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the gut, leading to diarrhoea and other digestive issues.
  • Obesity: High-fat diets and excessive treats can contribute to obesity, which can lead to various health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and joint problems.
  • Urolithiasis:
    • High calcium intake can increase the risk of urinary tract stones.
    • Dietary factors such as oxalates and phytates can interfere with calcium absorption.

Preventing Dietary-Related Health Issues:

  • Provide high-quality hay: Offer unlimited access to high-quality Timothy hay or other appropriate hays.
  • Introduce fresh vegetables gradually: Introduce new vegetables gradually to avoid digestive upset.
  • Limit treats: Offer treats sparingly and choose low-sugar, low-fat options.
  • Avoid processed foods: Avoid processed foods, sugary treats, and human foods that are not suitable for rabbits.
  • Regular veterinary checkups: Regular veterinary checkups are essential for monitoring your rabbit's health and identifying any potential problems early on.

By providing a balanced and appropriate diet, you can significantly improve your rabbit's overall health, prevent common diseases, and ensure they live a long and happy life.


DIETARY ITEMS

  

This is a comprehensive overview of rabbit nutrition. Here's an expanded and refined version:

Rabbit Nutrition: A Foundation for Health

A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining optimal health in rabbits. This section delves into the key components of a healthy rabbit diet, focusing on the importance of fibre, the role of various feedstuffs, and the impact of dietary choices on overall well-being.

Grasses and Hays: The Cornerstones of a Rabbit's Diet

  • Grass: In the wild, rabbits primarily graze on grasses. Fresh grass provides a balanced source of nutrients, including fibre, vitamins, and minerals. While ideal, daily grazing may not be feasible for all pet rabbits.
    • Important Note: Lawnmower clippings should never be fed to rabbits. They ferment rapidly in the digestive tract, leading to serious health problems.
  • Hay: High-quality hay is an essential component of a rabbit's diet. It should be provided ad libitum to ensure continuous access.
    • Types of Hay: Common types of hay used for rabbits include Timothy hay, meadow hay, and orchard grass.
    • Quality Factors: Choose hay that is free of dust, mould, and excessive moisture. Good quality hay is sweet-smelling and free from musty odours.
    • Storage: Proper storage is crucial to maintain hay quality. Store hay in a dry, well-ventilated area to prevent mould growth.
    • Lucerne (Alfalfa): While nutritious, alfalfa hay is high in calcium and protein. It is generally not recommended for adult rabbits due to the risk of obesity and urinary issues. It may be appropriate for growing rabbits in moderation.
    • Straw: Straw is generally not a suitable primary food source for rabbits. Although they may eat it, it is low in nutrients and can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

Commercial Rabbit Foods:

  • Mixed Diets: Traditional mixed diets often include a variety of ingredients such as cereals, legumes, extruded biscuits, and grass pellets. However, rabbits may selectively consume certain components, leading to nutritional imbalances.
  • Pellets and Extruded Diets: Pelleted and extruded diets offer a more consistent and balanced nutritional profile. Extruded diets are often preferred due to improved digestibility and palatability.
  • Choosing a Commercial Diet: Select a high-quality commercial diet specifically formulated for rabbits. Look for diets that are low in sugar, high in fibre, and contain appropriate levels of protein and calcium.

Fresh Foods:

  • Leafy Greens: Offer a variety of fresh, leafy greens such as kale, spinach (in moderation), collard greens, dandelion, and parsley.
  • Vegetables: Include small amounts of other vegetables such as carrots, broccoli florets, and bell peppers.
  • Introduction: Introduce new vegetables gradually to avoid digestive upset.

Water:

  • Fresh Water: Always provide fresh, clean water in a heavy, non-tippable bowl.

Dietary Considerations:

  • Individual Needs: Dietary needs vary depending on age, breed, activity level, and health status.
  • Avoidance of Harmful Foods: Avoid feeding rabbits chocolate, sweets, processed foods, and any foods toxic to rabbits (such as onions, garlic, and rhubarb).
  • Monitoring Intake: Monitor your rabbit's food intake and adjust the amount accordingly.

Conclusion:

Proper nutrition is foundational to a healthy and happy life for your rabbit. By providing a balanced diet that includes high-quality hay, fresh vegetables, and a limited amount of appropriate treats, you can significantly improve your rabbit's overall health and well-being.

Note: This information is for general guidance only. Consult with a veterinarian or a qualified rabbit expert for specific dietary recommendations for your individual rabbit.


REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

The Nutrition of the Rabbit. Ed de Blas and Wiseman. CABI Publishing, Wallingford
Rabbit Feeding and Nutrition. Cheeke PR (1987)Academic Press.
Donoghue S (1994) Nutrition and Pet Rabbits. In: Practical Exotic Animal Medicine. The Compendium Collection 1997 Rosenthal KL (Ed) pp104-111 Veterinary Learning Systems, Trenton USA
Textbook of Rabbit Medicine. Harcourt-Brown FM (2002). Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.
NRC (1977) Nutrient requirements of Rabbits. 2ND revised edition. National Academy of Sciences. Washington DC.